Baerbel Rohrer, Heather R Lohr, Peter Humphries, T Michael Redmond, Mathias W Seeliger, Rosalie K Crouch. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005
Times Cited: 118
Times Cited: 118
Times Cited
Times Co-cited
Similarity
Rpe65 is necessary for production of 11-cis-vitamin A in the retinal visual cycle.
T M Redmond, S Yu, E Lee, D Bok, D Hamasaki, N Chen, P Goletz, J X Ma, R K Crouch, K Pfeifer. Nat Genet 1998
T M Redmond, S Yu, E Lee, D Bok, D Hamasaki, N Chen, P Goletz, J X Ma, R K Crouch, K Pfeifer. Nat Genet 1998
61
Downregulation of cone-specific gene expression and degeneration of cone photoreceptors in the Rpe65-/- mouse at early ages.
Sergey L Znoiko, Baerbel Rohrer, Kangmo Lu, Heather R Lohr, Rosalie K Crouch, Jian-Xing Ma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005
Sergey L Znoiko, Baerbel Rohrer, Kangmo Lu, Heather R Lohr, Rosalie K Crouch, Jian-Xing Ma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005
51
Trafficking of membrane-associated proteins to cone photoreceptor outer segments requires the chromophore 11-cis-retinal.
Houbin Zhang, Jie Fan, Sha Li, Sukanya Karan, Baerbel Rohrer, Krzysztof Palczewski, Jeanne M Frederick, Rosalie K Crouch, Wolfgang Baehr. J Neurosci 2008
Houbin Zhang, Jie Fan, Sha Li, Sukanya Karan, Baerbel Rohrer, Krzysztof Palczewski, Jeanne M Frederick, Rosalie K Crouch, Wolfgang Baehr. J Neurosci 2008
50
Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis.
James W B Bainbridge, Alexander J Smith, Susie S Barker, Scott Robbie, Robert Henderson, Kamaljit Balaggan, Ananth Viswanathan, Graham E Holder, Andrew Stockman, Nick Tyler,[...]. N Engl J Med 2008
James W B Bainbridge, Alexander J Smith, Susie S Barker, Scott Robbie, Robert Henderson, Kamaljit Balaggan, Ananth Viswanathan, Graham E Holder, Andrew Stockman, Nick Tyler,[...]. N Engl J Med 2008
35
Rpe65-/- and Lrat-/- mice: comparable models of leber congenital amaurosis.
Jie Fan, Baerbel Rohrer, Jeanne M Frederick, Wolfgang Baehr, Rosalie K Crouch. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008
Jie Fan, Baerbel Rohrer, Jeanne M Frederick, Wolfgang Baehr, Rosalie K Crouch. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008
47
Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber's congenital amaurosis.
Albert M Maguire, Francesca Simonelli, Eric A Pierce, Edward N Pugh, Federico Mingozzi, Jeannette Bennicelli, Sandro Banfi, Kathleen A Marshall, Francesco Testa, Enrico M Surace,[...]. N Engl J Med 2008
Albert M Maguire, Francesca Simonelli, Eric A Pierce, Edward N Pugh, Federico Mingozzi, Jeannette Bennicelli, Sandro Banfi, Kathleen A Marshall, Francesco Testa, Enrico M Surace,[...]. N Engl J Med 2008
32
Human cone photoreceptor dependence on RPE65 isomerase.
Samuel G Jacobson, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Elise Heon, Marcin Golczak, William A Beltran, Alexander Sumaroka, Sharon B Schwartz, Alejandro J Roman, Elizabeth A M Windsor,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007
Samuel G Jacobson, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Elise Heon, Marcin Golczak, William A Beltran, Alexander Sumaroka, Sharon B Schwartz, Alejandro J Roman, Elizabeth A M Windsor,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007
30
RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the retinoid visual cycle.
Gennadiy Moiseyev, Ying Chen, Yusuke Takahashi, Bill X Wu, Jian-Xing Ma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
Gennadiy Moiseyev, Ying Chen, Yusuke Takahashi, Bill X Wu, Jian-Xing Ma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
30
Rpe65 is the retinoid isomerase in bovine retinal pigment epithelium.
Minghao Jin, Songhua Li, Walid N Moghrabi, Hui Sun, Gabriel H Travis. Cell 2005
Minghao Jin, Songhua Li, Walid N Moghrabi, Hui Sun, Gabriel H Travis. Cell 2005
28
Mutations in RPE65 cause Leber's congenital amaurosis.
F Marlhens, C Bareil, J M Griffoin, E Zrenner, P Amalric, C Eliaou, S Y Liu, E Harris, T M Redmond, B Arnaud,[...]. Nat Genet 1997
F Marlhens, C Bareil, J M Griffoin, E Zrenner, P Amalric, C Eliaou, S Y Liu, E Harris, T M Redmond, B Arnaud,[...]. Nat Genet 1997
28
Mutation of key residues of RPE65 abolishes its enzymatic role as isomerohydrolase in the visual cycle.
T Michael Redmond, Eugenia Poliakov, Shirley Yu, Jen-Yue Tsai, Zhongjian Lu, Susan Gentleman. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
T Michael Redmond, Eugenia Poliakov, Shirley Yu, Jen-Yue Tsai, Zhongjian Lu, Susan Gentleman. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
28
Lecithin-retinol acyltransferase is essential for accumulation of all-trans-retinyl esters in the eye and in the liver.
Matthew L Batten, Yoshikazu Imanishi, Tadao Maeda, Daniel C Tu, Alexander R Moise, Darin Bronson, Daniel Possin, Russell N Van Gelder, Wolfgang Baehr, Krzysztof Palczewski. J Biol Chem 2004
Matthew L Batten, Yoshikazu Imanishi, Tadao Maeda, Daniel C Tu, Alexander R Moise, Darin Bronson, Daniel Possin, Russell N Van Gelder, Wolfgang Baehr, Krzysztof Palczewski. J Biol Chem 2004
25
Human gene therapy for RPE65 isomerase deficiency activates the retinoid cycle of vision but with slow rod kinetics.
Artur V Cideciyan, Tomas S Aleman, Sanford L Boye, Sharon B Schwartz, Shalesh Kaushal, Alejandro J Roman, Ji-Jing Pang, Alexander Sumaroka, Elizabeth A M Windsor, James M Wilson,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008
Artur V Cideciyan, Tomas S Aleman, Sanford L Boye, Sharon B Schwartz, Shalesh Kaushal, Alejandro J Roman, Ji-Jing Pang, Alexander Sumaroka, Elizabeth A M Windsor, James M Wilson,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008
23
R91W mutation in Rpe65 leads to milder early-onset retinal dystrophy due to the generation of low levels of 11-cis-retinal.
Marijana Samardzija, Johannes von Lintig, Naoyuki Tanimoto, Vitus Oberhauser, Markus Thiersch, Charlotte E Remé, Mathias Seeliger, Christian Grimm, Andreas Wenzel. Hum Mol Genet 2008
Marijana Samardzija, Johannes von Lintig, Naoyuki Tanimoto, Vitus Oberhauser, Markus Thiersch, Charlotte E Remé, Mathias Seeliger, Christian Grimm, Andreas Wenzel. Hum Mol Genet 2008
28
Loss of cone photoreceptors caused by chromophore depletion is partially prevented by the artificial chromophore pro-drug, 9-cis-retinyl acetate.
Tadao Maeda, Artur V Cideciyan, Akiko Maeda, Marcin Golczak, Tomas S Aleman, Samuel G Jacobson, Krzysztof Palczewski. Hum Mol Genet 2009
Tadao Maeda, Artur V Cideciyan, Akiko Maeda, Marcin Golczak, Tomas S Aleman, Samuel G Jacobson, Krzysztof Palczewski. Hum Mol Genet 2009
31
Rapid restoration of visual pigment and function with oral retinoid in a mouse model of childhood blindness.
J P Van Hooser, T S Aleman, Y G He, A V Cideciyan, V Kuksa, S J Pittler, E M Stone, S G Jacobson, K Palczewski. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000
J P Van Hooser, T S Aleman, Y G He, A V Cideciyan, V Kuksa, S J Pittler, E M Stone, S G Jacobson, K Palczewski. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000
21
Mutations in RPE65 cause autosomal recessive childhood-onset severe retinal dystrophy.
S M Gu, D A Thompson, C R Srikumari, B Lorenz, U Finckh, A Nicoletti, K R Murthy, M Rathmann, G Kumaramanickavel, M J Denton,[...]. Nat Genet 1997
S M Gu, D A Thompson, C R Srikumari, B Lorenz, U Finckh, A Nicoletti, K R Murthy, M Rathmann, G Kumaramanickavel, M J Denton,[...]. Nat Genet 1997
20
New views on RPE65 deficiency: the rod system is the source of vision in a mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis.
M W Seeliger, C Grimm, F Ståhlberg, C Friedburg, G Jaissle, E Zrenner, H Guo, C E Remé, P Humphries, F Hofmann,[...]. Nat Genet 2001
M W Seeliger, C Grimm, F Ståhlberg, C Friedburg, G Jaissle, E Zrenner, H Guo, C E Remé, P Humphries, F Hofmann,[...]. Nat Genet 2001
20
Treatment of leber congenital amaurosis due to RPE65 mutations by ocular subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus gene vector: short-term results of a phase I trial.
William W Hauswirth, Tomas S Aleman, Shalesh Kaushal, Artur V Cideciyan, Sharon B Schwartz, Lili Wang, Thomas J Conlon, Sanford L Boye, Terence R Flotte, Barry J Byrne,[...]. Hum Gene Ther 2008
William W Hauswirth, Tomas S Aleman, Shalesh Kaushal, Artur V Cideciyan, Sharon B Schwartz, Lili Wang, Thomas J Conlon, Sanford L Boye, Terence R Flotte, Barry J Byrne,[...]. Hum Gene Ther 2008
20
In conditions of limited chromophore supply rods entrap 11-cis-retinal leading to loss of cone function and cell death.
Marijana Samardzija, Naoyuki Tanimoto, Corinne Kostic, Susanne Beck, Vitus Oberhauser, Sandrine Joly, Markus Thiersch, Edda Fahl, Yvan Arsenijevic, Johannes von Lintig,[...]. Hum Mol Genet 2009
Marijana Samardzija, Naoyuki Tanimoto, Corinne Kostic, Susanne Beck, Vitus Oberhauser, Sandrine Joly, Markus Thiersch, Edda Fahl, Yvan Arsenijevic, Johannes von Lintig,[...]. Hum Mol Genet 2009
48
Isorhodopsin rather than rhodopsin mediates rod function in RPE65 knock-out mice.
Jie Fan, Baerbel Rohrer, Gennadiy Moiseyev, Jian-Xing Ma, Rosalie K Crouch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003
Jie Fan, Baerbel Rohrer, Gennadiy Moiseyev, Jian-Xing Ma, Rosalie K Crouch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003
19
Cone opsin determines the time course of cone photoreceptor degeneration in Leber congenital amaurosis.
Tao Zhang, Ning Zhang, Wolfgang Baehr, Yingbin Fu. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011
Tao Zhang, Ning Zhang, Wolfgang Baehr, Yingbin Fu. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011
27
Diseases caused by defects in the visual cycle: retinoids as potential therapeutic agents.
Gabriel H Travis, Marcin Golczak, Alexander R Moise, Krzysztof Palczewski. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007
Gabriel H Travis, Marcin Golczak, Alexander R Moise, Krzysztof Palczewski. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007
18
Leber congenital amaurosis: genes, proteins and disease mechanisms.
Anneke I den Hollander, Ronald Roepman, Robert K Koenekoop, Frans P M Cremers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008
Anneke I den Hollander, Ronald Roepman, Robert K Koenekoop, Frans P M Cremers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008
18
Retinal degeneration 12 (rd12): a new, spontaneously arising mouse model for human Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA).
Ji-Jing Pang, Bo Chang, Norman L Hawes, Ronald E Hurd, Muriel T Davisson, Jie Li, Syed M Noorwez, Ritu Malhotra, J Hugh McDowell, Shalesh Kaushal,[...]. Mol Vis 2005
Ji-Jing Pang, Bo Chang, Norman L Hawes, Ronald E Hurd, Muriel T Davisson, Jie Li, Syed M Noorwez, Ritu Malhotra, J Hugh McDowell, Shalesh Kaushal,[...]. Mol Vis 2005
17
Gene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindness.
G M Acland, G D Aguirre, J Ray, Q Zhang, T S Aleman, A V Cideciyan, S E Pearce-Kelling, V Anand, Y Zeng, A M Maguire,[...]. Nat Genet 2001
G M Acland, G D Aguirre, J Ray, Q Zhang, T S Aleman, A V Cideciyan, S E Pearce-Kelling, V Anand, Y Zeng, A M Maguire,[...]. Nat Genet 2001
17
Identifying photoreceptors in blind eyes caused by RPE65 mutations: Prerequisite for human gene therapy success.
Samuel G Jacobson, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Alexander Sumaroka, Sharon B Schwartz, Elizabeth A M Windsor, Elias I Traboulsi, Elise Heon, Steven J Pittler, Ann H Milam,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
Samuel G Jacobson, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Alexander Sumaroka, Sharon B Schwartz, Elizabeth A M Windsor, Elias I Traboulsi, Elise Heon, Steven J Pittler, Ann H Milam,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
17
Mutations in the RPE65 gene in patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa or leber congenital amaurosis.
H Morimura, G A Fishman, S A Grover, A B Fulton, E L Berson, T P Dryja. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998
H Morimura, G A Fishman, S A Grover, A B Fulton, E L Berson, T P Dryja. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998
16
Recovery of visual functions in a mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis.
J Preston Van Hooser, Yan Liang, Tadao Maeda, Vladimir Kuksa, Geeng-Fu Jang, Yu-Guang He, Fred Rieke, Henry K W Fong, Peter B Detwiler, Krzysztof Palczewski. J Biol Chem 2002
J Preston Van Hooser, Yan Liang, Tadao Maeda, Vladimir Kuksa, Geeng-Fu Jang, Yu-Guang He, Fred Rieke, Henry K W Fong, Peter B Detwiler, Krzysztof Palczewski. J Biol Chem 2002
16
Spontaneous activity of opsin apoprotein is a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis.
Michael L Woodruff, Zhongyan Wang, Hae Yun Chung, T Michael Redmond, Gordon L Fain, Janis Lem. Nat Genet 2003
Michael L Woodruff, Zhongyan Wang, Hae Yun Chung, T Michael Redmond, Gordon L Fain, Janis Lem. Nat Genet 2003
14
Defining the residual vision in leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 mutations.
Samuel G Jacobson, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Alejandro J Roman, Alexander Sumaroka, Elizabeth A M Windsor, Sharon B Schwartz, Elise Heon, Edwin M Stone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009
Samuel G Jacobson, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Alejandro J Roman, Alexander Sumaroka, Elizabeth A M Windsor, Sharon B Schwartz, Elise Heon, Edwin M Stone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009
14
Intra-retinal visual cycle required for rapid and complete cone dark adaptation.
Jin-Shan Wang, Maureen E Estevez, M Carter Cornwall, Vladimir J Kefalov. Nat Neurosci 2009
Jin-Shan Wang, Maureen E Estevez, M Carter Cornwall, Vladimir J Kefalov. Nat Neurosci 2009
14
Isomerization and oxidation of vitamin a in cone-dominant retinas: a novel pathway for visual-pigment regeneration in daylight.
Nathan L Mata, Roxana A Radu, Richard C Clemmons, Gabriel H Travis. Neuron 2002
Nathan L Mata, Roxana A Radu, Richard C Clemmons, Gabriel H Travis. Neuron 2002
13
The murine cone photoreceptor: a single cone type expresses both S and M opsins with retinal spatial patterning.
M L Applebury, M P Antoch, L C Baxter, L L Chun, J D Falk, F Farhangfar, K Kage, M G Krzystolik, L A Lyass, J T Robbins. Neuron 2000
M L Applebury, M P Antoch, L C Baxter, L L Chun, J D Falk, F Farhangfar, K Kage, M G Krzystolik, L A Lyass, J T Robbins. Neuron 2000
13
Genetics and phenotypes of RPE65 mutations in inherited retinal degeneration.
D A Thompson, P Gyürüs, L L Fleischer, E L Bingham, C L McHenry, E Apfelstedt-Sylla, E Zrenner, B Lorenz, J E Richards, S G Jacobson,[...]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000
D A Thompson, P Gyürüs, L L Fleischer, E L Bingham, C L McHenry, E Apfelstedt-Sylla, E Zrenner, B Lorenz, J E Richards, S G Jacobson,[...]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000
13
Insights into the function of Rim protein in photoreceptors and etiology of Stargardt's disease from the phenotype in abcr knockout mice.
J Weng, N L Mata, S M Azarian, R T Tzekov, D G Birch, G H Travis. Cell 1999
J Weng, N L Mata, S M Azarian, R T Tzekov, D G Birch, G H Travis. Cell 1999
13
Retinopathy in mice induced by disrupted all-trans-retinal clearance.
Akiko Maeda, Tadao Maeda, Marcin Golczak, Krzysztof Palczewski. J Biol Chem 2008
Akiko Maeda, Tadao Maeda, Marcin Golczak, Krzysztof Palczewski. J Biol Chem 2008
13
11-cis-retinal reduces constitutive opsin phosphorylation and improves quantum catch in retinoid-deficient mouse rod photoreceptors.
Zsolt Ablonczy, Rosalie K Crouch, Patrice W Goletz, T Michael Redmond, Daniel R Knapp, Jian-Xing Ma, Barbel Rohrer. J Biol Chem 2002
Zsolt Ablonczy, Rosalie K Crouch, Patrice W Goletz, T Michael Redmond, Daniel R Knapp, Jian-Xing Ma, Barbel Rohrer. J Biol Chem 2002
19
13
The Rpe65 Leu450Met variation increases retinal resistance against light-induced degeneration by slowing rhodopsin regeneration.
A Wenzel, C E Reme, T P Williams, F Hafezi, C Grimm. J Neurosci 2001
A Wenzel, C E Reme, T P Williams, F Hafezi, C Grimm. J Neurosci 2001
12
Pharmacological and rAAV gene therapy rescue of visual functions in a blind mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis.
Matthew L Batten, Yoshikazu Imanishi, Daniel C Tu, Thuy Doan, Li Zhu, Jijing Pang, Lyudmila Glushakova, Alexander R Moise, Wolfgang Baehr, Russell N Van Gelder,[...]. PLoS Med 2005
Matthew L Batten, Yoshikazu Imanishi, Daniel C Tu, Thuy Doan, Li Zhu, Jijing Pang, Lyudmila Glushakova, Alexander R Moise, Wolfgang Baehr, Russell N Van Gelder,[...]. PLoS Med 2005
12
Positively charged retinoids are potent and selective inhibitors of the trans-cis isomerization in the retinoid (visual) cycle.
Marcin Golczak, Vladimir Kuksa, Tadao Maeda, Alexander R Moise, Krzysztof Palczewski. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
Marcin Golczak, Vladimir Kuksa, Tadao Maeda, Alexander R Moise, Krzysztof Palczewski. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005
12
Long-term restoration of rod and cone vision by single dose rAAV-mediated gene transfer to the retina in a canine model of childhood blindness.
Gregory M Acland, Gustavo D Aguirre, Jean Bennett, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Jeannette Bennicelli, Nadine S Dejneka, Susan E Pearce-Kelling, Albert M Maguire, Krzysztof Palczewski,[...]. Mol Ther 2005
Gregory M Acland, Gustavo D Aguirre, Jean Bennett, Tomas S Aleman, Artur V Cideciyan, Jeannette Bennicelli, Nadine S Dejneka, Susan E Pearce-Kelling, Albert M Maguire, Krzysztof Palczewski,[...]. Mol Ther 2005
12
Early-onset severe rod-cone dystrophy in young children with RPE65 mutations.
B Lorenz, P Gyürüs, M Preising, D Bremser, S Gu, M Andrassi, C Gerth, A Gal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000
B Lorenz, P Gyürüs, M Preising, D Bremser, S Gu, M Andrassi, C Gerth, A Gal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000
12
Age-dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial.
Albert M Maguire, Katherine A High, Alberto Auricchio, J Fraser Wright, Eric A Pierce, Francesco Testa, Federico Mingozzi, Jeannette L Bennicelli, Gui-shuang Ying, Settimio Rossi,[...]. Lancet 2009
Albert M Maguire, Katherine A High, Alberto Auricchio, J Fraser Wright, Eric A Pierce, Francesco Testa, Federico Mingozzi, Jeannette L Bennicelli, Gui-shuang Ying, Settimio Rossi,[...]. Lancet 2009
12
RPE65 gene delivery restores isomerohydrolase activity and prevents early cone loss in Rpe65-/- mice.
Ying Chen, Gennadiy Moiseyev, Yusuke Takahashi, Jian-Xing Ma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006
Ying Chen, Gennadiy Moiseyev, Yusuke Takahashi, Jian-Xing Ma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006
15
Biosynthesis of a major lipofuscin fluorophore in mice and humans with ABCR-mediated retinal and macular degeneration.
N L Mata, J Weng, G H Travis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000
N L Mata, J Weng, G H Travis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000
11
Rods and cones in the mouse retina. I. Structural analysis using light and electron microscopy.
L D Carter-Dawson, M M LaVail. J Comp Neurol 1979
L D Carter-Dawson, M M LaVail. J Comp Neurol 1979
11
Photoreceptor layer topography in children with leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 mutations.
Samuel G Jacobson, Artur V Cideciyan, Tomas S Aleman, Alexander Sumaroka, Elizabeth A M Windsor, Sharon B Schwartz, Elise Heon, Edwin M Stone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008
Samuel G Jacobson, Artur V Cideciyan, Tomas S Aleman, Alexander Sumaroka, Elizabeth A M Windsor, Sharon B Schwartz, Elise Heon, Edwin M Stone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008
14
Crystal structure of native RPE65, the retinoid isomerase of the visual cycle.
Philip D Kiser, Marcin Golczak, David T Lodowski, Mark R Chance, Krzysztof Palczewski. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009
Philip D Kiser, Marcin Golczak, David T Lodowski, Mark R Chance, Krzysztof Palczewski. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009
11
Co-cited is the co-citation frequency, indicating how many articles cite the article together with the query article. Similarity is the co-citation as percentage of the times cited of the query article or the article in the search results, whichever is the lowest. These numbers are calculated for the last 100 citations when articles are cited more than 100 times.