Lingyin Li, Qian Yin, Pia Kuss, Zoltan Maliga, José L Millán, Hao Wu, Timothy J Mitchison. Nat Chem Biol 2014
Times Cited: 202
Times Cited: 202
Times Cited
Times Co-cited
Similarity
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway.
Lijun Sun, Jiaxi Wu, Fenghe Du, Xiang Chen, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2013
Lijun Sun, Jiaxi Wu, Fenghe Du, Xiang Chen, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2013
63
Cyclic GMP-AMP containing mixed phosphodiester linkages is an endogenous high-affinity ligand for STING.
Xu Zhang, Heping Shi, Jiaxi Wu, Xuewu Zhang, Lijun Sun, Chuo Chen, Zhijian J Chen. Mol Cell 2013
Xu Zhang, Heping Shi, Jiaxi Wu, Xuewu Zhang, Lijun Sun, Chuo Chen, Zhijian J Chen. Mol Cell 2013
48
STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling.
Hiroki Ishikawa, Glen N Barber. Nature 2008
Hiroki Ishikawa, Glen N Barber. Nature 2008
45
Direct Activation of STING in the Tumor Microenvironment Leads to Potent and Systemic Tumor Regression and Immunity.
Leticia Corrales, Laura Hix Glickman, Sarah M McWhirter, David B Kanne, Kelsey E Sivick, George E Katibah, Seng-Ryong Woo, Edward Lemmens, Tamara Banda, Justin J Leong,[...]. Cell Rep 2015
Leticia Corrales, Laura Hix Glickman, Sarah M McWhirter, David B Kanne, Kelsey E Sivick, George E Katibah, Seng-Ryong Woo, Edward Lemmens, Tamara Banda, Justin J Leong,[...]. Cell Rep 2015
44
STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP.
Dara L Burdette, Kathryn M Monroe, Katia Sotelo-Troha, Jeff S Iwig, Barbara Eckert, Mamoru Hyodo, Yoshihiro Hayakawa, Russell E Vance. Nature 2011
Dara L Burdette, Kathryn M Monroe, Katia Sotelo-Troha, Jeff S Iwig, Barbara Eckert, Mamoru Hyodo, Yoshihiro Hayakawa, Russell E Vance. Nature 2011
40
cGAS produces a 2'-5'-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING.
Andrea Ablasser, Marion Goldeck, Taner Cavlar, Tobias Deimling, Gregor Witte, Ingo Röhl, Karl-Peter Hopfner, Janos Ludwig, Veit Hornung. Nature 2013
Andrea Ablasser, Marion Goldeck, Taner Cavlar, Tobias Deimling, Gregor Witte, Ingo Röhl, Karl-Peter Hopfner, Janos Ludwig, Veit Hornung. Nature 2013
38
Cyclic GMP-AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA.
Jiaxi Wu, Lijun Sun, Xiang Chen, Fenghe Du, Heping Shi, Chuo Chen, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2013
Jiaxi Wu, Lijun Sun, Xiang Chen, Fenghe Du, Heping Shi, Chuo Chen, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2013
36
STING regulates intracellular DNA-mediated, type I interferon-dependent innate immunity.
Hiroki Ishikawa, Zhe Ma, Glen N Barber. Nature 2009
Hiroki Ishikawa, Zhe Ma, Glen N Barber. Nature 2009
34
Design of amidobenzimidazole STING receptor agonists with systemic activity.
Joshi M Ramanjulu, G Scott Pesiridis, Jingsong Yang, Nestor Concha, Robert Singhaus, Shu-Yun Zhang, Jean-Luc Tran, Patrick Moore, Stephanie Lehmann, H Christian Eberl,[...]. Nature 2018
Joshi M Ramanjulu, G Scott Pesiridis, Jingsong Yang, Nestor Concha, Robert Singhaus, Shu-Yun Zhang, Jean-Luc Tran, Patrick Moore, Stephanie Lehmann, H Christian Eberl,[...]. Nature 2018
31
The innate immune DNA sensor cGAS produces a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide that activates human STING.
Elie J Diner, Dara L Burdette, Stephen C Wilson, Kathryn M Monroe, Colleen A Kellenberger, Mamoru Hyodo, Yoshihiro Hayakawa, Ming C Hammond, Russell E Vance. Cell Rep 2013
Elie J Diner, Dara L Burdette, Stephen C Wilson, Kathryn M Monroe, Colleen A Kellenberger, Mamoru Hyodo, Yoshihiro Hayakawa, Ming C Hammond, Russell E Vance. Cell Rep 2013
31
Structural basis of STING binding with and phosphorylation by TBK1.
Conggang Zhang, Guijun Shang, Xiang Gui, Xuewu Zhang, Xiao-Chen Bai, Zhijian J Chen. Nature 2019
Conggang Zhang, Guijun Shang, Xiang Gui, Xuewu Zhang, Xiao-Chen Bai, Zhijian J Chen. Nature 2019
30
Cryo-EM structures of STING reveal its mechanism of activation by cyclic GMP-AMP.
Guijun Shang, Conggang Zhang, Zhijian J Chen, Xiao-Chen Bai, Xuewu Zhang. Nature 2019
Guijun Shang, Conggang Zhang, Zhijian J Chen, Xiao-Chen Bai, Xuewu Zhang. Nature 2019
30
Cyclic [G(2',5')pA(3',5')p] is the metazoan second messenger produced by DNA-activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase.
Pu Gao, Manuel Ascano, Yang Wu, Winfried Barchet, Barbara L Gaffney, Thomas Zillinger, Artem A Serganov, Yizhou Liu, Roger A Jones, Gunther Hartmann,[...]. Cell 2013
Pu Gao, Manuel Ascano, Yang Wu, Winfried Barchet, Barbara L Gaffney, Thomas Zillinger, Artem A Serganov, Yizhou Liu, Roger A Jones, Gunther Hartmann,[...]. Cell 2013
30
SLC19A1 Is an Importer of the Immunotransmitter cGAMP.
Christopher Ritchie, Anthony F Cordova, Gaelen T Hess, Michael C Bassik, Lingyin Li. Mol Cell 2019
Christopher Ritchie, Anthony F Cordova, Gaelen T Hess, Michael C Bassik, Lingyin Li. Mol Cell 2019
29
STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors.
Seng-Ryong Woo, Mercedes B Fuertes, Leticia Corrales, Stefani Spranger, Michael J Furdyna, Michael Y K Leung, Ryan Duggan, Ying Wang, Glen N Barber, Katherine A Fitzgerald,[...]. Immunity 2014
Seng-Ryong Woo, Mercedes B Fuertes, Leticia Corrales, Stefani Spranger, Michael J Furdyna, Michael Y K Leung, Ryan Duggan, Ying Wang, Glen N Barber, Katherine A Fitzgerald,[...]. Immunity 2014
28
SLC19A1 transports immunoreactive cyclic dinucleotides.
Rutger D Luteijn, Shivam A Zaver, Benjamin G Gowen, Stacia K Wyman, Nick E Garelis, Liberty Onia, Sarah M McWhirter, George E Katibah, Jacob E Corn, Joshua J Woodward,[...]. Nature 2019
Rutger D Luteijn, Shivam A Zaver, Benjamin G Gowen, Stacia K Wyman, Nick E Garelis, Liberty Onia, Sarah M McWhirter, George E Katibah, Jacob E Corn, Joshua J Woodward,[...]. Nature 2019
28
Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP.
Andrea Ablasser, Jonathan L Schmid-Burgk, Inga Hemmerling, Gabor L Horvath, Tobias Schmidt, Eicke Latz, Veit Hornung. Nature 2013
Andrea Ablasser, Jonathan L Schmid-Burgk, Inga Hemmerling, Gabor L Horvath, Tobias Schmidt, Eicke Latz, Veit Hornung. Nature 2013
27
Regulation and function of the cGAS-STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing.
Qi Chen, Lijun Sun, Zhijian J Chen. Nat Immunol 2016
Qi Chen, Lijun Sun, Zhijian J Chen. Nat Immunol 2016
27
Activation of STING requires palmitoylation at the Golgi.
Kojiro Mukai, Hiroyasu Konno, Tatsuya Akiba, Takefumi Uemura, Satoshi Waguri, Toshihide Kobayashi, Glen N Barber, Hiroyuki Arai, Tomohiko Taguchi. Nat Commun 2016
Kojiro Mukai, Hiroyasu Konno, Tatsuya Akiba, Takefumi Uemura, Satoshi Waguri, Toshihide Kobayashi, Glen N Barber, Hiroyuki Arai, Tomohiko Taguchi. Nat Commun 2016
26
Phosphorylation of innate immune adaptor proteins MAVS, STING, and TRIF induces IRF3 activation.
Siqi Liu, Xin Cai, Jiaxi Wu, Qian Cong, Xiang Chen, Tuo Li, Fenghe Du, Junyao Ren, You-Tong Wu, Nick V Grishin,[...]. Science 2015
Siqi Liu, Xin Cai, Jiaxi Wu, Qian Cong, Xiang Chen, Tuo Li, Fenghe Du, Junyao Ren, You-Tong Wu, Nick V Grishin,[...]. Science 2015
24
Extracellular cGAMP is a cancer cell-produced immunotransmitter involved in radiation-induced anti-cancer immunity.
Jacqueline A Carozza, Volker Böhnert, Khanh C Nguyen, Gemini Skariah, Kelsey E Shaw, Jenifer A Brown, Marjan Rafat, Rie von Eyben, Edward E Graves, Jeffrey S Glenn,[...]. Nat Cancer 2020
Jacqueline A Carozza, Volker Böhnert, Khanh C Nguyen, Gemini Skariah, Kelsey E Shaw, Jenifer A Brown, Marjan Rafat, Rie von Eyben, Edward E Graves, Jeffrey S Glenn,[...]. Nat Cancer 2020
40
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is activated by double-stranded DNA-induced oligomerization.
Xin Li, Chang Shu, Guanghui Yi, Catherine T Chaton, Catherine L Shelton, Jiasheng Diao, Xiaobing Zuo, C Cheng Kao, Andrew B Herr, Pingwei Li. Immunity 2013
Xin Li, Chang Shu, Guanghui Yi, Catherine T Chaton, Catherine L Shelton, Jiasheng Diao, Xiaobing Zuo, C Cheng Kao, Andrew B Herr, Pingwei Li. Immunity 2013
22
Activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase by self-DNA causes autoimmune diseases.
Daxing Gao, Tuo Li, Xiao-Dong Li, Xiang Chen, Quan-Zhen Li, Mary Wight-Carter, Zhijian J Chen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015
Daxing Gao, Tuo Li, Xiao-Dong Li, Xiang Chen, Quan-Zhen Li, Mary Wight-Carter, Zhijian J Chen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015
22
STING-Dependent Cytosolic DNA Sensing Promotes Radiation-Induced Type I Interferon-Dependent Antitumor Immunity in Immunogenic Tumors.
Liufu Deng, Hua Liang, Meng Xu, Xuanming Yang, Byron Burnette, Ainhoa Arina, Xiao-Dong Li, Helena Mauceri, Michael Beckett, Thomas Darga,[...]. Immunity 2014
Liufu Deng, Hua Liang, Meng Xu, Xuanming Yang, Byron Burnette, Ainhoa Arina, Xiao-Dong Li, Helena Mauceri, Michael Beckett, Thomas Darga,[...]. Immunity 2014
22
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of human STING can affect innate immune response to cyclic dinucleotides.
Guanghui Yi, Volker P Brendel, Chang Shu, Pingwei Li, Satheesh Palanathan, C Cheng Kao. PLoS One 2013
Guanghui Yi, Volker P Brendel, Chang Shu, Pingwei Li, Satheesh Palanathan, C Cheng Kao. PLoS One 2013
21
Targeting STING with covalent small-molecule inhibitors.
Simone M Haag, Muhammet F Gulen, Luc Reymond, Antoine Gibelin, Laurence Abrami, Alexiane Decout, Michael Heymann, F Gisou van der Goot, Gerardo Turcatti, Rayk Behrendt,[...]. Nature 2018
Simone M Haag, Muhammet F Gulen, Luc Reymond, Antoine Gibelin, Laurence Abrami, Alexiane Decout, Michael Heymann, F Gisou van der Goot, Gerardo Turcatti, Rayk Behrendt,[...]. Nature 2018
21
Signalling strength determines proapoptotic functions of STING.
Muhammet F Gulen, Ute Koch, Simone M Haag, Fabian Schuler, Lionel Apetoh, Andreas Villunger, Freddy Radtke, Andrea Ablasser. Nat Commun 2017
Muhammet F Gulen, Ute Koch, Simone M Haag, Fabian Schuler, Lionel Apetoh, Andreas Villunger, Freddy Radtke, Andrea Ablasser. Nat Commun 2017
21
DNA-induced liquid phase condensation of cGAS activates innate immune signaling.
Mingjian Du, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2018
Mingjian Du, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2018
21
Structural insights into cGAMP degradation by Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1.
Kazuki Kato, Hiroshi Nishimasu, Daisuke Oikawa, Seiichi Hirano, Hisato Hirano, Go Kasuya, Ryuichiro Ishitani, Fuminori Tokunaga, Osamu Nureki. Nat Commun 2018
Kazuki Kato, Hiroshi Nishimasu, Daisuke Oikawa, Seiichi Hirano, Hisato Hirano, Go Kasuya, Ryuichiro Ishitani, Fuminori Tokunaga, Osamu Nureki. Nat Commun 2018
41
Pivotal roles of cGAS-cGAMP signaling in antiviral defense and immune adjuvant effects.
Xiao-Dong Li, Jiaxi Wu, Daxing Gao, Hua Wang, Lijun Sun, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2013
Xiao-Dong Li, Jiaxi Wu, Daxing Gao, Hua Wang, Lijun Sun, Zhijian J Chen. Science 2013
21
Cytosolic-DNA-mediated, STING-dependent proinflammatory gene induction necessitates canonical NF-κB activation through TBK1.
Takayuki Abe, Glen N Barber. J Virol 2014
Takayuki Abe, Glen N Barber. J Virol 2014
20
Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome.
Y Liu, A A Jesus, B Marrero, D Yang, S E Ramsey, G A Montealegre Sanchez, K Tenbrock, H Wittkowski, O Y Jones, H S Kuehn,[...]. N Engl J Med 2014
Y Liu, A A Jesus, B Marrero, D Yang, S E Ramsey, G A Montealegre Sanchez, K Tenbrock, H Wittkowski, O Y Jones, H S Kuehn,[...]. N Engl J Med 2014
20
Autophagy induction via STING trafficking is a primordial function of the cGAS pathway.
Xiang Gui, Hui Yang, Tuo Li, Xiaojun Tan, Peiqing Shi, Minghao Li, Fenghe Du, Zhijian J Chen. Nature 2019
Xiang Gui, Hui Yang, Tuo Li, Xiaojun Tan, Peiqing Shi, Minghao Li, Fenghe Du, Zhijian J Chen. Nature 2019
20
STING Polymer Structure Reveals Mechanisms for Activation, Hyperactivation, and Inhibition.
Sabrina L Ergun, Daniel Fernandez, Thomas M Weiss, Lingyin Li. Cell 2019
Sabrina L Ergun, Daniel Fernandez, Thomas M Weiss, Lingyin Li. Cell 2019
21
Tumor-Derived cGAMP Triggers a STING-Mediated Interferon Response in Non-tumor Cells to Activate the NK Cell Response.
Assaf Marcus, Amy J Mao, Monisha Lensink-Vasan, LeeAnn Wang, Russell E Vance, David H Raulet. Immunity 2018
Assaf Marcus, Amy J Mao, Monisha Lensink-Vasan, LeeAnn Wang, Russell E Vance, David H Raulet. Immunity 2018
20
Antitumor activity of a systemic STING-activating non-nucleotide cGAMP mimetic.
Emily N Chin, Chenguang Yu, Vincent F Vartabedian, Ying Jia, Manoj Kumar, Ana M Gamo, William Vernier, Sabrina H Ali, Mildred Kissai, Daniel C Lazar,[...]. Science 2020
Emily N Chin, Chenguang Yu, Vincent F Vartabedian, Ying Jia, Manoj Kumar, Ana M Gamo, William Vernier, Sabrina H Ali, Mildred Kissai, Daniel C Lazar,[...]. Science 2020
23
An orally available non-nucleotide STING agonist with antitumor activity.
Bo-Sheng Pan, Samanthi A Perera, Jennifer A Piesvaux, Jeremy P Presland, Gottfried K Schroeder, Jared N Cumming, B Wesley Trotter, Michael D Altman, Alexei V Buevich, Brandon Cash,[...]. Science 2020
Bo-Sheng Pan, Samanthi A Perera, Jennifer A Piesvaux, Jeremy P Presland, Gottfried K Schroeder, Jared N Cumming, B Wesley Trotter, Michael D Altman, Alexei V Buevich, Brandon Cash,[...]. Science 2020
20
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Cyclic Adenosine-Inosine Monophosphate (cAIMP) Analogs That Activate Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING).
Thierry Lioux, Marc-Antoine Mauny, Alain Lamoureux, Nicolas Bascoul, Mathieu Hays, Fabienne Vernejoul, Anne-Sophie Baudru, Cédric Boularan, Justine Lopes-Vicente, Gregory Qushair,[...]. J Med Chem 2016
Thierry Lioux, Marc-Antoine Mauny, Alain Lamoureux, Nicolas Bascoul, Mathieu Hays, Fabienne Vernejoul, Anne-Sophie Baudru, Cédric Boularan, Justine Lopes-Vicente, Gregory Qushair,[...]. J Med Chem 2016
36
Structure-function analysis of STING activation by c[G(2',5')pA(3',5')p] and targeting by antiviral DMXAA.
Pu Gao, Manuel Ascano, Thomas Zillinger, Weiyi Wang, Peihong Dai, Artem A Serganov, Barbara L Gaffney, Stewart Shuman, Roger A Jones, Liang Deng,[...]. Cell 2013
Pu Gao, Manuel Ascano, Thomas Zillinger, Weiyi Wang, Peihong Dai, Artem A Serganov, Barbara L Gaffney, Stewart Shuman, Roger A Jones, Liang Deng,[...]. Cell 2013
19
STING agonist formulated cancer vaccines can cure established tumors resistant to PD-1 blockade.
Juan Fu, David B Kanne, Meredith Leong, Laura Hix Glickman, Sarah M McWhirter, Edward Lemmens, Ken Mechette, Justin J Leong, Peter Lauer, Weiqun Liu,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2015
Juan Fu, David B Kanne, Meredith Leong, Laura Hix Glickman, Sarah M McWhirter, Edward Lemmens, Ken Mechette, Justin J Leong, Peter Lauer, Weiqun Liu,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2015
19
cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity.
Karen J Mackenzie, Paula Carroll, Carol-Anne Martin, Olga Murina, Adeline Fluteau, Daniel J Simpson, Nelly Olova, Hannah Sutcliffe, Jacqueline K Rainger, Andrea Leitch,[...]. Nature 2017
Karen J Mackenzie, Paula Carroll, Carol-Anne Martin, Olga Murina, Adeline Fluteau, Daniel J Simpson, Nelly Olova, Hannah Sutcliffe, Jacqueline K Rainger, Andrea Leitch,[...]. Nature 2017
19
Mouse, but not human STING, binds and signals in response to the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid.
Joseph Conlon, Dara L Burdette, Shruti Sharma, Numana Bhat, Mikayla Thompson, Zhaozhao Jiang, Vijay A K Rathinam, Brian Monks, Tengchuan Jin, T Sam Xiao,[...]. J Immunol 2013
Joseph Conlon, Dara L Burdette, Shruti Sharma, Numana Bhat, Mikayla Thompson, Zhaozhao Jiang, Vijay A K Rathinam, Brian Monks, Tengchuan Jin, T Sam Xiao,[...]. J Immunol 2013
18
STING specifies IRF3 phosphorylation by TBK1 in the cytosolic DNA signaling pathway.
Yasuo Tanaka, Zhijian J Chen. Sci Signal 2012
Yasuo Tanaka, Zhijian J Chen. Sci Signal 2012
18
Carcinoma-astrocyte gap junctions promote brain metastasis by cGAMP transfer.
Qing Chen, Adrienne Boire, Xin Jin, Manuel Valiente, Ekrem Emrah Er, Alejandro Lopez-Soto, Leni Jacob, Ruzeen Patwa, Hardik Shah, Ke Xu,[...]. Nature 2016
Qing Chen, Adrienne Boire, Xin Jin, Manuel Valiente, Ekrem Emrah Er, Alejandro Lopez-Soto, Leni Jacob, Ruzeen Patwa, Hardik Shah, Ke Xu,[...]. Nature 2016
18
STING activation of tumor endothelial cells initiates spontaneous and therapeutic antitumor immunity.
Olivier Demaria, Aude De Gassart, Sanja Coso, Nicolas Gestermann, Jeremy Di Domizio, Lukas Flatz, Olivier Gaide, Olivier Michielin, Patrick Hwu, Tatiana V Petrova,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015
Olivier Demaria, Aude De Gassart, Sanja Coso, Nicolas Gestermann, Jeremy Di Domizio, Lukas Flatz, Olivier Gaide, Olivier Michielin, Patrick Hwu, Tatiana V Petrova,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015
18
Transfer of cGAMP into Bystander Cells via LRRC8 Volume-Regulated Anion Channels Augments STING-Mediated Interferon Responses and Anti-viral Immunity.
Chun Zhou, Xia Chen, Rosa Planells-Cases, Jiachen Chu, Li Wang, Limin Cao, Zhihong Li, Karen I López-Cayuqueo, Yadong Xie, Shiwei Ye,[...]. Immunity 2020
Chun Zhou, Xia Chen, Rosa Planells-Cases, Jiachen Chu, Li Wang, Limin Cao, Zhihong Li, Karen I López-Cayuqueo, Yadong Xie, Shiwei Ye,[...]. Immunity 2020
23
Cancer-Cell-Intrinsic cGAS Expression Mediates Tumor Immunogenicity.
Linda Schadt, Colin Sparano, Nicole Angelika Schweiger, Karina Silina, Virginia Cecconi, Giulia Lucchiari, Hideo Yagita, Emilien Guggisberg, Sascha Saba, Zuzana Nascakova,[...]. Cell Rep 2019
Linda Schadt, Colin Sparano, Nicole Angelika Schweiger, Karina Silina, Virginia Cecconi, Giulia Lucchiari, Hideo Yagita, Emilien Guggisberg, Sascha Saba, Zuzana Nascakova,[...]. Cell Rep 2019
18
Species-specific detection of the antiviral small-molecule compound CMA by STING.
Taner Cavlar, Tobias Deimling, Andrea Ablasser, Karl-Peter Hopfner, Veit Hornung. EMBO J 2013
Taner Cavlar, Tobias Deimling, Andrea Ablasser, Karl-Peter Hopfner, Veit Hornung. EMBO J 2013
17
Viruses transfer the antiviral second messenger cGAMP between cells.
A Bridgeman, J Maelfait, T Davenne, T Partridge, Y Peng, A Mayer, T Dong, V Kaever, P Borrow, J Rehwinkel. Science 2015
A Bridgeman, J Maelfait, T Davenne, T Partridge, Y Peng, A Mayer, T Dong, V Kaever, P Borrow, J Rehwinkel. Science 2015
17
Co-cited is the co-citation frequency, indicating how many articles cite the article together with the query article. Similarity is the co-citation as percentage of the times cited of the query article or the article in the search results, whichever is the lowest. These numbers are calculated for the last 100 citations when articles are cited more than 100 times.