Geir Ringstad, Lars M Valnes, Anders M Dale, Are H Pripp, Svein-Are S Vatnehol, Kyrre E Emblem, Kent-Andre Mardal, Per K Eide. JCI Insight 2018
Times Cited: 156
Times Cited: 156
Times Cited
Times Co-cited
Similarity
A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β.
Jeffrey J Iliff, Minghuan Wang, Yonghong Liao, Benjamin A Plogg, Weiguo Peng, Georg A Gundersen, Helene Benveniste, G Edward Vates, Rashid Deane, Steven A Goldman,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2012
Jeffrey J Iliff, Minghuan Wang, Yonghong Liao, Benjamin A Plogg, Weiguo Peng, Georg A Gundersen, Helene Benveniste, G Edward Vates, Rashid Deane, Steven A Goldman,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2012
76
Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Geir Ringstad, Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol, Per Kristian Eide. Brain 2017
Geir Ringstad, Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol, Per Kristian Eide. Brain 2017
50
Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.
Lulu Xie, Hongyi Kang, Qiwu Xu, Michael J Chen, Yonghong Liao, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, John O'Donnell, Daniel J Christensen, Charles Nicholson, Jeffrey J Iliff,[...]. Science 2013
Lulu Xie, Hongyi Kang, Qiwu Xu, Michael J Chen, Yonghong Liao, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, John O'Donnell, Daniel J Christensen, Charles Nicholson, Jeffrey J Iliff,[...]. Science 2013
50
The glymphatic pathway in neurological disorders.
Martin Kaag Rasmussen, Humberto Mestre, Maiken Nedergaard. Lancet Neurol 2018
Martin Kaag Rasmussen, Humberto Mestre, Maiken Nedergaard. Lancet Neurol 2018
37
Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension.
Humberto Mestre, Jeffrey Tithof, Ting Du, Wei Song, Weiguo Peng, Amanda M Sweeney, Genaro Olveda, John H Thomas, Maiken Nedergaard, Douglas H Kelley. Nat Commun 2018
Humberto Mestre, Jeffrey Tithof, Ting Du, Wei Song, Weiguo Peng, Amanda M Sweeney, Genaro Olveda, John H Thomas, Maiken Nedergaard, Douglas H Kelley. Nat Commun 2018
37
Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI.
Jeffrey J Iliff, Hedok Lee, Mei Yu, Tian Feng, Jean Logan, Maiken Nedergaard, Helene Benveniste. J Clin Invest 2013
Jeffrey J Iliff, Hedok Lee, Mei Yu, Tian Feng, Jean Logan, Maiken Nedergaard, Helene Benveniste. J Clin Invest 2013
34
Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels.
Antoine Louveau, Igor Smirnov, Timothy J Keyes, Jacob D Eccles, Sherin J Rouhani, J David Peske, Noel C Derecki, David Castle, James W Mandell, Kevin S Lee,[...]. Nature 2015
Antoine Louveau, Igor Smirnov, Timothy J Keyes, Jacob D Eccles, Sherin J Rouhani, J David Peske, Noel C Derecki, David Castle, James W Mandell, Kevin S Lee,[...]. Nature 2015
32
Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of glymphatic drainage from human brain to cervical lymph nodes.
Per Kristian Eide, Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol, Kyrre Eeg Emblem, Geir Ringstad. Sci Rep 2018
Per Kristian Eide, Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol, Kyrre Eeg Emblem, Geir Ringstad. Sci Rep 2018
32
Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain.
Benjamin T Kress, Jeffrey J Iliff, Maosheng Xia, Minghuan Wang, Helen S Wei, Douglas Zeppenfeld, Lulu Xie, Hongyi Kang, Qiwu Xu, Jason A Liew,[...]. Ann Neurol 2014
Benjamin T Kress, Jeffrey J Iliff, Maosheng Xia, Minghuan Wang, Helen S Wei, Douglas Zeppenfeld, Lulu Xie, Hongyi Kang, Qiwu Xu, Jason A Liew,[...]. Ann Neurol 2014
32
A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules.
Aleksanteri Aspelund, Salli Antila, Steven T Proulx, Tine Veronica Karlsen, Sinem Karaman, Michael Detmar, Helge Wiig, Kari Alitalo. J Exp Med 2015
Aleksanteri Aspelund, Salli Antila, Steven T Proulx, Tine Veronica Karlsen, Sinem Karaman, Michael Detmar, Helge Wiig, Kari Alitalo. J Exp Med 2015
31
Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain.
Jeffrey J Iliff, Minghuan Wang, Douglas M Zeppenfeld, Arun Venkataraman, Benjamin A Plog, Yonghong Liao, Rashid Deane, Maiken Nedergaard. J Neurosci 2013
Jeffrey J Iliff, Minghuan Wang, Douglas M Zeppenfeld, Arun Venkataraman, Benjamin A Plog, Yonghong Liao, Rashid Deane, Maiken Nedergaard. J Neurosci 2013
30
Increased glymphatic influx is correlated with high EEG delta power and low heart rate in mice under anesthesia.
Lauren M Hablitz, Hanna S Vinitsky, Qian Sun, Frederik Filip Stæger, Björn Sigurdsson, Kristian N Mortensen, Tuomas O Lilius, Maiken Nedergaard. Sci Adv 2019
Lauren M Hablitz, Hanna S Vinitsky, Qian Sun, Frederik Filip Stæger, Björn Sigurdsson, Kristian N Mortensen, Tuomas O Lilius, Maiken Nedergaard. Sci Adv 2019
29
Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury.
Jeffrey J Iliff, Michael J Chen, Benjamin A Plog, Douglas M Zeppenfeld, Melissa Soltero, Lijun Yang, Itender Singh, Rashid Deane, Maiken Nedergaard. J Neurosci 2014
Jeffrey J Iliff, Michael J Chen, Benjamin A Plog, Douglas M Zeppenfeld, Melissa Soltero, Lijun Yang, Itender Singh, Rashid Deane, Maiken Nedergaard. J Neurosci 2014
27
Aquaporin-4-dependent glymphatic solute transport in the rodent brain.
Humberto Mestre, Lauren M Hablitz, Anna Lr Xavier, Weixi Feng, Wenyan Zou, Tinglin Pu, Hiromu Monai, Giridhar Murlidharan, Ruth M Castellanos Rivera, Matthew J Simon,[...]. Elife 2018
Humberto Mestre, Lauren M Hablitz, Anna Lr Xavier, Weixi Feng, Wenyan Zou, Tinglin Pu, Hiromu Monai, Giridhar Murlidharan, Ruth M Castellanos Rivera, Matthew J Simon,[...]. Elife 2018
26
Delayed clearance of cerebrospinal fluid tracer from entorhinal cortex in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: A glymphatic magnetic resonance imaging study.
Per K Eide, Geir Ringstad. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019
Per K Eide, Geir Ringstad. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019
27
Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer's disease.
Sandro Da Mesquita, Antoine Louveau, Andrea Vaccari, Igor Smirnov, R Chase Cornelison, Kathryn M Kingsmore, Christian Contarino, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu, Emily Farber, Daniel Raper,[...]. Nature 2018
Sandro Da Mesquita, Antoine Louveau, Andrea Vaccari, Igor Smirnov, R Chase Cornelison, Kathryn M Kingsmore, Christian Contarino, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu, Emily Farber, Daniel Raper,[...]. Nature 2018
25
Impaired glymphatic perfusion after strokes revealed by contrast-enhanced MRI: a new target for fibrinolysis?
Thomas Gaberel, Clement Gakuba, Romain Goulay, Sara Martinez De Lizarrondo, Jean-Luc Hanouz, Evelyne Emery, Emmanuel Touze, Denis Vivien, Maxime Gauberti. Stroke 2014
Thomas Gaberel, Clement Gakuba, Romain Goulay, Sara Martinez De Lizarrondo, Jean-Luc Hanouz, Evelyne Emery, Emmanuel Touze, Denis Vivien, Maxime Gauberti. Stroke 2014
25
Evaluation of glymphatic system activity with the diffusion MR technique: diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in Alzheimer's disease cases.
Toshiaki Taoka, Yoshitaka Masutani, Hisashi Kawai, Toshiki Nakane, Kiwamu Matsuoka, Fumihiko Yasuno, Toshifumi Kishimoto, Shinji Naganawa. Jpn J Radiol 2017
Toshiaki Taoka, Yoshitaka Masutani, Hisashi Kawai, Toshiki Nakane, Kiwamu Matsuoka, Fumihiko Yasuno, Toshifumi Kishimoto, Shinji Naganawa. Jpn J Radiol 2017
24
The Glymphatic System: A Beginner's Guide.
Nadia Aalling Jessen, Anne Sofie Finmann Munk, Iben Lundgaard, Maiken Nedergaard. Neurochem Res 2015
Nadia Aalling Jessen, Anne Sofie Finmann Munk, Iben Lundgaard, Maiken Nedergaard. Neurochem Res 2015
24
Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI.
Martina Absinta, Seung-Kwon Ha, Govind Nair, Pascal Sati, Nicholas J Luciano, Maryknoll Palisoc, Antoine Louveau, Kareem A Zaghloul, Stefania Pittaluga, Jonathan Kipnis,[...]. Elife 2017
Martina Absinta, Seung-Kwon Ha, Govind Nair, Pascal Sati, Nicholas J Luciano, Maryknoll Palisoc, Antoine Louveau, Kareem A Zaghloul, Stefania Pittaluga, Jonathan Kipnis,[...]. Elife 2017
22
Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice.
Qiaoli Ma, Benjamin V Ineichen, Michael Detmar, Steven T Proulx. Nat Commun 2017
Qiaoli Ma, Benjamin V Ineichen, Michael Detmar, Steven T Proulx. Nat Commun 2017
21
Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep.
Nina E Fultz, Giorgio Bonmassar, Kawin Setsompop, Robert A Stickgold, Bruce R Rosen, Jonathan R Polimeni, Laura D Lewis. Science 2019
Nina E Fultz, Giorgio Bonmassar, Kawin Setsompop, Robert A Stickgold, Bruce R Rosen, Jonathan R Polimeni, Laura D Lewis. Science 2019
21
Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia.
Maiken Nedergaard, Steven A Goldman. Science 2020
Maiken Nedergaard, Steven A Goldman. Science 2020
21
The Effect of Body Posture on Brain Glymphatic Transport.
Hedok Lee, Lulu Xie, Mei Yu, Hongyi Kang, Tian Feng, Rashid Deane, Jean Logan, Maiken Nedergaard, Helene Benveniste. J Neurosci 2015
Hedok Lee, Lulu Xie, Mei Yu, Hongyi Kang, Tian Feng, Rashid Deane, Jean Logan, Maiken Nedergaard, Helene Benveniste. J Neurosci 2015
20
Ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography of physiological brain activity - Glymphatic pulsation mechanisms?
Vesa Kiviniemi, Xindi Wang, Vesa Korhonen, Tuija Keinänen, Timo Tuovinen, Joonas Autio, Pierre LeVan, Shella Keilholz, Yu-Feng Zang, Jürgen Hennig,[...]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016
Vesa Kiviniemi, Xindi Wang, Vesa Korhonen, Tuija Keinänen, Timo Tuovinen, Joonas Autio, Pierre LeVan, Shella Keilholz, Yu-Feng Zang, Jürgen Hennig,[...]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016
20
Clearance systems in the brain-implications for Alzheimer disease.
Jenna M Tarasoff-Conway, Roxana O Carare, Ricardo S Osorio, Lidia Glodzik, Tracy Butler, Els Fieremans, Leon Axel, Henry Rusinek, Charles Nicholson, Berislav V Zlokovic,[...]. Nat Rev Neurol 2015
Jenna M Tarasoff-Conway, Roxana O Carare, Ricardo S Osorio, Lidia Glodzik, Tracy Butler, Els Fieremans, Leon Axel, Henry Rusinek, Charles Nicholson, Berislav V Zlokovic,[...]. Nat Rev Neurol 2015
19
Test of the 'glymphatic' hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma.
Alex J Smith, Xiaoming Yao, James A Dix, Byung-Ju Jin, Alan S Verkman. Elife 2017
Alex J Smith, Xiaoming Yao, James A Dix, Byung-Ju Jin, Alan S Verkman. Elife 2017
19
Cerebrospinal fluid influx drives acute ischemic tissue swelling.
Humberto Mestre, Ting Du, Amanda M Sweeney, Guojun Liu, Andrew J Samson, Weiguo Peng, Kristian Nygaard Mortensen, Frederik Filip Stæger, Peter A R Bork, Logan Bashford,[...]. Science 2020
Humberto Mestre, Ting Du, Amanda M Sweeney, Guojun Liu, Andrew J Samson, Weiguo Peng, Kristian Nygaard Mortensen, Frederik Filip Stæger, Peter A R Bork, Logan Bashford,[...]. Science 2020
19
A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
Thomas Brinker, Edward Stopa, John Morrison, Petra Klinge. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014
Thomas Brinker, Edward Stopa, John Morrison, Petra Klinge. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014
18
Evaluating glymphatic pathway function utilizing clinically relevant intrathecal infusion of CSF tracer.
Lijun Yang, Benjamin T Kress, Harris J Weber, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, Baozhi Wang, Rashid Deane, Helene Benveniste, Jeffrey J Iliff, Maiken Nedergaard. J Transl Med 2013
Lijun Yang, Benjamin T Kress, Harris J Weber, Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan, Baozhi Wang, Rashid Deane, Helene Benveniste, Jeffrey J Iliff, Maiken Nedergaard. J Transl Med 2013
18
MRI with intrathecal MRI gadolinium contrast medium administration: a possible method to assess glymphatic function in human brain.
Per Kristian Eide, Geir Ringstad. Acta Radiol Open 2015
Per Kristian Eide, Geir Ringstad. Acta Radiol Open 2015
18
Meningeal lymphatic vessels at the skull base drain cerebrospinal fluid.
Ji Hoon Ahn, Hyunsoo Cho, Jun-Hee Kim, Shin Heun Kim, Je-Seok Ham, Intae Park, Sang Heon Suh, Seon Pyo Hong, Joo-Hye Song, Young-Kwon Hong,[...]. Nature 2019
Ji Hoon Ahn, Hyunsoo Cho, Jun-Hee Kim, Shin Heun Kim, Je-Seok Ham, Intae Park, Sang Heon Suh, Seon Pyo Hong, Joo-Hye Song, Young-Kwon Hong,[...]. Nature 2019
18
Evidence for a 'paravascular' fluid circulation in the mammalian central nervous system, provided by the rapid distribution of tracer protein throughout the brain from the subarachnoid space.
M L Rennels, T F Gregory, O R Blaumanis, K Fujimoto, P A Grady. Brain Res 1985
M L Rennels, T F Gregory, O R Blaumanis, K Fujimoto, P A Grady. Brain Res 1985
17
Glymphatic clearance controls state-dependent changes in brain lactate concentration.
Iben Lundgaard, Minh Lon Lu, Ezra Yang, Weiguo Peng, Humberto Mestre, Emi Hitomi, Rashid Deane, Maiken Nedergaard. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017
Iben Lundgaard, Minh Lon Lu, Ezra Yang, Weiguo Peng, Humberto Mestre, Emi Hitomi, Rashid Deane, Maiken Nedergaard. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017
17
The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a 'glymphatic' system?
N Joan Abbott, Michelle E Pizzo, Jane E Preston, Damir Janigro, Robert G Thorne. Acta Neuropathol 2018
N Joan Abbott, Michelle E Pizzo, Jane E Preston, Damir Janigro, Robert G Thorne. Acta Neuropathol 2018
17
Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics.
Antoine Louveau, Benjamin A Plog, Salli Antila, Kari Alitalo, Maiken Nedergaard, Jonathan Kipnis. J Clin Invest 2017
Antoine Louveau, Benjamin A Plog, Salli Antila, Kari Alitalo, Maiken Nedergaard, Jonathan Kipnis. J Clin Invest 2017
17
Suppression of glymphatic fluid transport in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Weiguo Peng, Thiyagarajan M Achariyar, Baoman Li, Yonghong Liao, Humberto Mestre, Emi Hitomi, Sean Regan, Tristan Kasper, Sisi Peng, Fengfei Ding,[...]. Neurobiol Dis 2016
Weiguo Peng, Thiyagarajan M Achariyar, Baoman Li, Yonghong Liao, Humberto Mestre, Emi Hitomi, Sean Regan, Tristan Kasper, Sisi Peng, Fengfei Ding,[...]. Neurobiol Dis 2016
17
Intrathecal Use of Gadobutrol for Glymphatic MR Imaging: Prospective Safety Study of 100 Patients.
C S Edeklev, M Halvorsen, G Løvland, S A S Vatnehol, Ø Gjertsen, B Nedregaard, R Sletteberg, G Ringstad, P K Eide. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019
C S Edeklev, M Halvorsen, G Løvland, S A S Vatnehol, Ø Gjertsen, B Nedregaard, R Sletteberg, G Ringstad, P K Eide. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019
62
Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans.
Geir Ringstad, Per Kristian Eide. Nat Commun 2020
Geir Ringstad, Per Kristian Eide. Nat Commun 2020
25
Impairment of the Glymphatic Pathway and Putative Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in the Aging Human.
Ying Zhou, Jinsong Cai, Wenhua Zhang, Xiaoxian Gong, Shenqiang Yan, Kemeng Zhang, Zhongyu Luo, Jianzhong Sun, Quan Jiang, Min Lou. Ann Neurol 2020
Ying Zhou, Jinsong Cai, Wenhua Zhang, Xiaoxian Gong, Shenqiang Yan, Kemeng Zhang, Zhongyu Luo, Jianzhong Sun, Quan Jiang, Min Lou. Ann Neurol 2020
26
Anesthesia with Dexmedetomidine and Low-dose Isoflurane Increases Solute Transport via the Glymphatic Pathway in Rat Brain When Compared with High-dose Isoflurane.
Helene Benveniste, Hedok Lee, Fengfei Ding, Qian Sun, Ehab Al-Bizri, Rany Makaryus, Stephen Probst, Maiken Nedergaard, Elliot A Stein, Hanbing Lu. Anesthesiology 2017
Helene Benveniste, Hedok Lee, Fengfei Ding, Qian Sun, Ehab Al-Bizri, Rany Makaryus, Stephen Probst, Maiken Nedergaard, Elliot A Stein, Hanbing Lu. Anesthesiology 2017
20
Interstitial solute transport in 3D reconstructed neuropil occurs by diffusion rather than bulk flow.
Karl Erik Holter, Benjamin Kehlet, Anna Devor, Terrence J Sejnowski, Anders M Dale, Stig W Omholt, Ole Petter Ottersen, Erlend Arnulf Nagelhus, Kent-André Mardal, Klas H Pettersen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017
Karl Erik Holter, Benjamin Kehlet, Anna Devor, Terrence J Sejnowski, Anders M Dale, Stig W Omholt, Ole Petter Ottersen, Erlend Arnulf Nagelhus, Kent-André Mardal, Klas H Pettersen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017
16
Paravascular spaces at the brain surface: Low resistance pathways for cerebrospinal fluid flow.
Beatrice Bedussi, Mitra Almasian, Judith de Vos, Ed VanBavel, Erik Ntp Bakker. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018
Beatrice Bedussi, Mitra Almasian, Judith de Vos, Ed VanBavel, Erik Ntp Bakker. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018
21
β-Amyloid accumulation in the human brain after one night of sleep deprivation.
Ehsan Shokri-Kojori, Gene-Jack Wang, Corinde E Wiers, Sukru B Demiral, Min Guo, Sung Won Kim, Elsa Lindgren, Veronica Ramirez, Amna Zehra, Clara Freeman,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018
Ehsan Shokri-Kojori, Gene-Jack Wang, Corinde E Wiers, Sukru B Demiral, Min Guo, Sung Won Kim, Elsa Lindgren, Veronica Ramirez, Amna Zehra, Clara Freeman,[...]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018
16
The Brain's Glymphatic System: Current Controversies.
Humberto Mestre, Yuki Mori, Maiken Nedergaard. Trends Neurosci 2020
Humberto Mestre, Yuki Mori, Maiken Nedergaard. Trends Neurosci 2020
16
Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow.
Lauren M Hablitz, Virginia Plá, Michael Giannetto, Hanna S Vinitsky, Frederik Filip Stæger, Tanner Metcalfe, Rebecca Nguyen, Abdellatif Benrais, Maiken Nedergaard. Nat Commun 2020
Lauren M Hablitz, Virginia Plá, Michael Giannetto, Hanna S Vinitsky, Frederik Filip Stæger, Tanner Metcalfe, Rebecca Nguyen, Abdellatif Benrais, Maiken Nedergaard. Nat Commun 2020
16
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Severely Impairs Brain Parenchymal Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation in Nonhuman Primate.
Romain Goulay, Julien Flament, Maxime Gauberti, Michael Naveau, Nolwenn Pasquet, Clement Gakuba, Evelyne Emery, Philippe Hantraye, Denis Vivien, Romina Aron-Badin,[...]. Stroke 2017
Romain Goulay, Julien Flament, Maxime Gauberti, Michael Naveau, Nolwenn Pasquet, Clement Gakuba, Evelyne Emery, Philippe Hantraye, Denis Vivien, Romina Aron-Badin,[...]. Stroke 2017
24
The Glymphatic System and Waste Clearance with Brain Aging: A Review.
Helene Benveniste, Xiaodan Liu, Sunil Koundal, Simon Sanggaard, Hedok Lee, Joanna Wardlaw. Gerontology 2019
Helene Benveniste, Xiaodan Liu, Sunil Koundal, Simon Sanggaard, Hedok Lee, Joanna Wardlaw. Gerontology 2019
15
Non-invasive imaging of CSF-mediated brain clearance pathways via assessment of perivascular fluid movement with diffusion tensor MRI.
Ian F Harrison, Bernard Siow, Aisha B Akilo, Phoebe G Evans, Ozama Ismail, Yolanda Ohene, Payam Nahavandi, David L Thomas, Mark F Lythgoe, Jack A Wells. Elife 2018
Ian F Harrison, Bernard Siow, Aisha B Akilo, Phoebe G Evans, Ozama Ismail, Yolanda Ohene, Payam Nahavandi, David L Thomas, Mark F Lythgoe, Jack A Wells. Elife 2018
25
Co-cited is the co-citation frequency, indicating how many articles cite the article together with the query article. Similarity is the co-citation as percentage of the times cited of the query article or the article in the search results, whichever is the lowest. These numbers are calculated for the last 100 citations when articles are cited more than 100 times.