T B Usdin, E Mezey, D C Button, M J Brownstein, T I Bonner. Endocrinology 1993
Times Cited: 398
Times Cited: 398
Times Cited
Times Co-cited
Similarity
Inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide signaling prevents obesity.
Kazumasa Miyawaki, Yuichiro Yamada, Nobuhiro Ban, Yu Ihara, Katsushi Tsukiyama, Heying Zhou, Shimpei Fujimoto, Akira Oku, Kinsuke Tsuda, Shinya Toyokuni,[...]. Nat Med 2002
Kazumasa Miyawaki, Yuichiro Yamada, Nobuhiro Ban, Yu Ihara, Katsushi Tsukiyama, Heying Zhou, Shimpei Fujimoto, Akira Oku, Kinsuke Tsuda, Shinya Toyokuni,[...]. Nat Med 2002
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Unimolecular dual incretins maximize metabolic benefits in rodents, monkeys, and humans.
Brian Finan, Tao Ma, Nickki Ottaway, Timo D Müller, Kirk M Habegger, Kristy M Heppner, Henriette Kirchner, Jenna Holland, Jazzminn Hembree, Christine Raver,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2013
Brian Finan, Tao Ma, Nickki Ottaway, Timo D Müller, Kirk M Habegger, Kristy M Heppner, Henriette Kirchner, Jenna Holland, Jazzminn Hembree, Christine Raver,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2013
34
Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.
M A Nauck, M M Heimesaat, C Orskov, J J Holst, R Ebert, W Creutzfeldt. J Clin Invest 1993
M A Nauck, M M Heimesaat, C Orskov, J J Holst, R Ebert, W Creutzfeldt. J Clin Invest 1993
30
Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action.
Jonathan E Campbell, Daniel J Drucker. Cell Metab 2013
Jonathan E Campbell, Daniel J Drucker. Cell Metab 2013
27
Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial.
Juan Pablo Frias, Michael A Nauck, Joanna Van, Mark E Kutner, Xuewei Cui, Charles Benson, Shweta Urva, Ruth E Gimeno, Zvonko Milicevic, Deborah Robins,[...]. Lancet 2018
Juan Pablo Frias, Michael A Nauck, Joanna Van, Mark E Kutner, Xuewei Cui, Charles Benson, Shweta Urva, Ruth E Gimeno, Zvonko Milicevic, Deborah Robins,[...]. Lancet 2018
26
Anti-obesity effects of GIPR antagonists alone and in combination with GLP-1R agonists in preclinical models.
Elizabeth A Killion, Jinghong Wang, Junming Yie, Stone D-H Shi, Darren Bates, Xiaoshan Min, Renee Komorowski, Todd Hager, Liying Deng, Larissa Atangan,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2018
Elizabeth A Killion, Jinghong Wang, Junming Yie, Stone D-H Shi, Darren Bates, Xiaoshan Min, Renee Komorowski, Todd Hager, Liying Deng, Larissa Atangan,[...]. Sci Transl Med 2018
27
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is expressed in adult hippocampus and induces progenitor cell proliferation.
Jenny Nyberg, Michelle F Anderson, Björn Meister, Ann-Marie Alborn, Anna-Karin Ström, Anke Brederlau, Ann-Christin Illerskog, Ola Nilsson, Timothy J Kieffer, Max Albert Hietala,[...]. J Neurosci 2005
Jenny Nyberg, Michelle F Anderson, Björn Meister, Ann-Marie Alborn, Anna-Karin Ström, Anke Brederlau, Ann-Christin Illerskog, Ola Nilsson, Timothy J Kieffer, Max Albert Hietala,[...]. J Neurosci 2005
21
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: a bifunctional glucose-dependent regulator of glucagon and insulin secretion in humans.
Mikkel Christensen, Louise Vedtofte, Jens J Holst, Tina Vilsbøll, Filip K Knop. Diabetes 2011
Mikkel Christensen, Louise Vedtofte, Jens J Holst, Tina Vilsbøll, Filip K Knop. Diabetes 2011
21
GIP-overexpressing mice demonstrate reduced diet-induced obesity and steatosis, and improved glucose homeostasis.
Su-Jin Kim, Cuilan Nian, Subashini Karunakaran, Susanne M Clee, Carlos M Isales, Christopher H S McIntosh. PLoS One 2012
Su-Jin Kim, Cuilan Nian, Subashini Karunakaran, Susanne M Clee, Carlos M Isales, Christopher H S McIntosh. PLoS One 2012
21
Reappraisal of GIP Pharmacology for Metabolic Diseases.
Brian Finan, Timo D Müller, Christoffer Clemmensen, Diego Perez-Tilve, Richard D DiMarchi, Matthias H Tschöp. Trends Mol Med 2016
Brian Finan, Timo D Müller, Christoffer Clemmensen, Diego Perez-Tilve, Richard D DiMarchi, Matthias H Tschöp. Trends Mol Med 2016
22
Activation of lipoprotein lipase by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in adipocytes. A role for a protein kinase B, LKB1, and AMP-activated protein kinase cascade.
Su-Jin Kim, Cuilan Nian, Christopher H S McIntosh. J Biol Chem 2007
Su-Jin Kim, Cuilan Nian, Christopher H S McIntosh. J Biol Chem 2007
20
Chronic reduction of GIP secretion alleviates obesity and insulin resistance under high-fat diet conditions.
Daniela Nasteska, Norio Harada, Kazuyo Suzuki, Shunsuke Yamane, Akihiro Hamasaki, Erina Joo, Kanako Iwasaki, Kimitaka Shibue, Takanari Harada, Nobuya Inagaki. Diabetes 2014
Daniela Nasteska, Norio Harada, Kazuyo Suzuki, Shunsuke Yamane, Akihiro Hamasaki, Erina Joo, Kanako Iwasaki, Kimitaka Shibue, Takanari Harada, Nobuya Inagaki. Diabetes 2014
20
LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept.
Tamer Coskun, Kyle W Sloop, Corina Loghin, Jorge Alsina-Fernandez, Shweta Urva, Krister B Bokvist, Xuewei Cui, Daniel A Briere, Over Cabrera, William C Roell,[...]. Mol Metab 2018
Tamer Coskun, Kyle W Sloop, Corina Loghin, Jorge Alsina-Fernandez, Shweta Urva, Krister B Bokvist, Xuewei Cui, Daniel A Briere, Over Cabrera, William C Roell,[...]. Mol Metab 2018
20
Species-specific action of (Pro3)GIP - a full agonist at human GIP receptors, but a partial agonist and competitive antagonist at rat and mouse GIP receptors.
A H Sparre-Ulrich, L S Hansen, B Svendsen, M Christensen, F K Knop, B Hartmann, J J Holst, M M Rosenkilde. Br J Pharmacol 2016
A H Sparre-Ulrich, L S Hansen, B Svendsen, M Christensen, F K Knop, B Hartmann, J J Holst, M M Rosenkilde. Br J Pharmacol 2016
32
GIP receptor antagonism reverses obesity, insulin resistance, and associated metabolic disturbances induced in mice by prolonged consumption of high-fat diet.
Paula L McClean, Nigel Irwin, Roslyn S Cassidy, Jens J Holst, Victor A Gault, Peter R Flatt. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007
Paula L McClean, Nigel Irwin, Roslyn S Cassidy, Jens J Holst, Victor A Gault, Peter R Flatt. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007
18
The Gluco- and Liporegulatory and Vasodilatory Effects of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Are Abolished by an Antagonist of the Human GIP Receptor.
Meena Asmar, Ali Asmar, Lene Simonsen, Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg, Alexander Hovard Sparre-Ulrich, Mette Marie Rosenkilde, Bolette Hartmann, Flemming Dela, Jens Juul Holst, Jens Bülow. Diabetes 2017
Meena Asmar, Ali Asmar, Lene Simonsen, Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg, Alexander Hovard Sparre-Ulrich, Mette Marie Rosenkilde, Bolette Hartmann, Flemming Dela, Jens Juul Holst, Jens Bülow. Diabetes 2017
29
Stimulation of insulin secretion by gastric inhibitory polypeptide in man.
J Dupre, S A Ross, D Watson, J C Brown. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973
J Dupre, S A Ross, D Watson, J C Brown. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973
17
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) binding sites in rat brain.
A M Kaplan, S R Vigna. Peptides 1994
A M Kaplan, S R Vigna. Peptides 1994
37
Optimized GIP analogs promote body weight lowering in mice through GIPR agonism not antagonism.
Piotr A Mroz, Brian Finan, Vasily Gelfanov, Bin Yang, Matthias H Tschöp, Richard D DiMarchi, Diego Perez-Tilve. Mol Metab 2019
Piotr A Mroz, Brian Finan, Vasily Gelfanov, Bin Yang, Matthias H Tschöp, Richard D DiMarchi, Diego Perez-Tilve. Mol Metab 2019
22
Functional GIP receptors are present on adipocytes.
R G Yip, M O Boylan, T J Kieffer, M M Wolfe. Endocrinology 1998
R G Yip, M O Boylan, T J Kieffer, M M Wolfe. Endocrinology 1998
16
Immunohistochemical distribution of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in the adult rat brain.
Jenny Nyberg, Calle Jacobsson, Michelle F Anderson, Peter S Eriksson. J Neurosci Res 2007
Jenny Nyberg, Calle Jacobsson, Michelle F Anderson, Peter S Eriksson. J Neurosci Res 2007
22
The Sustained Effects of a Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, NNC0090-2746, in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Juan Pablo Frias, Edward J Bastyr, Louis Vignati, Matthias H Tschöp, Christophe Schmitt, Klara Owen, Rune Haubo Christensen, Richard D DiMarchi. Cell Metab 2017
Juan Pablo Frias, Edward J Bastyr, Louis Vignati, Matthias H Tschöp, Christophe Schmitt, Klara Owen, Rune Haubo Christensen, Richard D DiMarchi. Cell Metab 2017
16
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor-Expressing Cells in the Hypothalamus Regulate Food Intake.
Alice E Adriaenssens, Emma K Biggs, Tamana Darwish, John Tadross, Tanmay Sukthankar, Milind Girish, Joseph Polex-Wolf, Brain Y Lam, Ilona Zvetkova, Warren Pan,[...]. Cell Metab 2019
Alice E Adriaenssens, Emma K Biggs, Tamana Darwish, John Tadross, Tanmay Sukthankar, Milind Girish, Joseph Polex-Wolf, Brain Y Lam, Ilona Zvetkova, Warren Pan,[...]. Cell Metab 2019
20
Effects of acute and chronic administration of GIP analogues on cognition, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in mice.
Emilie Faivre, Alison Hamilton, Christian Hölscher. Eur J Pharmacol 2012
Emilie Faivre, Alison Hamilton, Christian Hölscher. Eur J Pharmacol 2012
30
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor knockout mice are impaired in learning, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis.
Emilie Faivre, Victor A Gault, Bernard Thorens, Christian Hölscher. J Neurophysiol 2011
Emilie Faivre, Victor A Gault, Bernard Thorens, Christian Hölscher. J Neurophysiol 2011
19
Structural and pharmacological characterization of novel potent and selective monoclonal antibody antagonists of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor.
Peter Ravn, Chaithanya Madhurantakam, Susan Kunze, Evelyn Matthews, Claire Priest, Siobhan O'Brien, Andie Collinson, Monika Papworth, Maria Fritsch-Fredin, Lutz Jermutus,[...]. J Biol Chem 2013
Peter Ravn, Chaithanya Madhurantakam, Susan Kunze, Evelyn Matthews, Claire Priest, Siobhan O'Brien, Andie Collinson, Monika Papworth, Maria Fritsch-Fredin, Lutz Jermutus,[...]. J Biol Chem 2013
25
Targeted ablation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-producing cells in transgenic mice reduces obesity and insulin resistance induced by a high fat diet.
Matthew C Althage, Eric L Ford, Songyan Wang, Patrick Tso, Kenneth S Polonsky, Burton M Wice. J Biol Chem 2008
Matthew C Althage, Eric L Ford, Songyan Wang, Patrick Tso, Kenneth S Polonsky, Burton M Wice. J Biol Chem 2008
15
A naturally occurring GIP receptor variant undergoes enhanced agonist-induced desensitization, which impairs GIP control of adipose insulin sensitivity.
Sameer Mohammad, Rajesh T Patel, Joanne Bruno, Muhammad Siyab Panhwar, Jennifer Wen, Timothy E McGraw. Mol Cell Biol 2014
Sameer Mohammad, Rajesh T Patel, Joanne Bruno, Muhammad Siyab Panhwar, Jennifer Wen, Timothy E McGraw. Mol Cell Biol 2014
28
A rationally designed monomeric peptide triagonist corrects obesity and diabetes in rodents.
Brian Finan, Bin Yang, Nickki Ottaway, David L Smiley, Tao Ma, Christoffer Clemmensen, Joe Chabenne, Lianshan Zhang, Kirk M Habegger, Katrin Fischer,[...]. Nat Med 2015
Brian Finan, Bin Yang, Nickki Ottaway, David L Smiley, Tao Ma, Christoffer Clemmensen, Joe Chabenne, Lianshan Zhang, Kirk M Habegger, Katrin Fischer,[...]. Nat Med 2015
15
Defective amplification of the late phase insulin response to glucose by GIP in obese Type II diabetic patients.
T Vilsbøll, T Krarup, S Madsbad, J J Holst. Diabetologia 2002
T Vilsbøll, T Krarup, S Madsbad, J J Holst. Diabetologia 2002
15
A novel GIP analogue, ZP4165, enhances glucagon-like peptide-1-induced body weight loss and improves glycaemic control in rodents.
Pia K Nørregaard, Maria A Deryabina, Pernille Tofteng Shelton, Jacob U Fog, Jens R Daugaard, Per-Olof Eriksson, Lone F Larsen, Lene Jessen. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018
Pia K Nørregaard, Maria A Deryabina, Pernille Tofteng Shelton, Jacob U Fog, Jens R Daugaard, Per-Olof Eriksson, Lone F Larsen, Lene Jessen. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018
27
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide immunoneutralization attenuates development of obesity in mice.
Michael O Boylan, Patricia A Glazebrook, Milos Tatalovic, M Michael Wolfe. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015
Michael O Boylan, Patricia A Glazebrook, Milos Tatalovic, M Michael Wolfe. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015
38
Prohormone convertase 1/3 is essential for processing of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide precursor.
Randi Ugleholdt, Marie-Louise H Poulsen, Peter J Holst, Jean-Claude Irminger, Cathrine Orskov, Jens Pedersen, Mette M Rosenkilde, Xiaorong Zhu, Donald F Steiner, Jens J Holst. J Biol Chem 2006
Randi Ugleholdt, Marie-Louise H Poulsen, Peter J Holst, Jean-Claude Irminger, Cathrine Orskov, Jens Pedersen, Mette M Rosenkilde, Xiaorong Zhu, Donald F Steiner, Jens J Holst. J Biol Chem 2006
19
Additive insulinotropic effects of exogenous synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide infused at near-physiological insulinotropic hormone and glucose concentrations.
M A Nauck, E Bartels, C Orskov, R Ebert, W Creutzfeldt. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993
M A Nauck, E Bartels, C Orskov, R Ebert, W Creutzfeldt. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993
14
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide may enhance fatty acid re-esterification in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in lean humans.
Meena Asmar, Lene Simonsen, Sten Madsbad, Bente Stallknecht, Jens Juul Holst, Jens Bülow. Diabetes 2010
Meena Asmar, Lene Simonsen, Sten Madsbad, Bente Stallknecht, Jens Juul Holst, Jens Bülow. Diabetes 2010
15
Osteoblast-derived cells express functional glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptors.
R J Bollag, Q Zhong, P Phillips, L Min, L Zhong, R Cameron, A L Mulloy, H Rasmussen, F Qin, K H Ding,[...]. Endocrinology 2000
R J Bollag, Q Zhong, P Phillips, L Min, L Zhong, R Cameron, A L Mulloy, H Rasmussen, F Qin, K H Ding,[...]. Endocrinology 2000
13
Extrapancreatic incretin receptors modulate glucose homeostasis, body weight, and energy expenditure.
Tanya Hansotia, Adriano Maida, Grace Flock, Yuichiro Yamada, Katsushi Tsukiyama, Yutaka Seino, Daniel J Drucker. J Clin Invest 2007
Tanya Hansotia, Adriano Maida, Grace Flock, Yuichiro Yamada, Katsushi Tsukiyama, Yutaka Seino, Daniel J Drucker. J Clin Invest 2007
13
TCF1 links GIPR signaling to the control of beta cell function and survival.
Jonathan E Campbell, John R Ussher, Erin E Mulvihill, Jelena Kolic, Laurie L Baggio, Xiemen Cao, Yu Liu, Benjamin J Lamont, Tsukasa Morii, Catherine J Streutker,[...]. Nat Med 2016
Jonathan E Campbell, John R Ussher, Erin E Mulvihill, Jelena Kolic, Laurie L Baggio, Xiemen Cao, Yu Liu, Benjamin J Lamont, Tsukasa Morii, Catherine J Streutker,[...]. Nat Med 2016
17
Inhibition of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor Signaling in Adipose Tissue Reduces Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.
Erina Joo, Norio Harada, Shunsuke Yamane, Toru Fukushima, Daisuke Taura, Kanako Iwasaki, Akiko Sankoda, Kimitaka Shibue, Takanari Harada, Kazuyo Suzuki,[...]. Diabetes 2017
Erina Joo, Norio Harada, Shunsuke Yamane, Toru Fukushima, Daisuke Taura, Kanako Iwasaki, Akiko Sankoda, Kimitaka Shibue, Takanari Harada, Kazuyo Suzuki,[...]. Diabetes 2017
27
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide enhances adipocyte development and glucose uptake in part through Akt activation.
Diane H Song, Lisa Getty-Kaushik, Eva Tseng, Jonathan Simon, Barbara E Corkey, M Michael Wolfe. Gastroenterology 2007
Diane H Song, Lisa Getty-Kaushik, Eva Tseng, Jonathan Simon, Barbara E Corkey, M Michael Wolfe. Gastroenterology 2007
13
GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody.
Charles Pyke, R Scott Heller, Rikke K Kirk, Cathrine Ørskov, Steffen Reedtz-Runge, Peter Kaastrup, Anders Hvelplund, Linda Bardram, Dan Calatayud, Lotte Bjerre Knudsen. Endocrinology 2014
Charles Pyke, R Scott Heller, Rikke K Kirk, Cathrine Ørskov, Steffen Reedtz-Runge, Peter Kaastrup, Anders Hvelplund, Linda Bardram, Dan Calatayud, Lotte Bjerre Knudsen. Endocrinology 2014
12
N-terminally and C-terminally truncated forms of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are high-affinity competitive antagonists of the human GIP receptor.
L S Hansen, A H Sparre-Ulrich, M Christensen, F K Knop, B Hartmann, J J Holst, M M Rosenkilde. Br J Pharmacol 2016
L S Hansen, A H Sparre-Ulrich, M Christensen, F K Knop, B Hartmann, J J Holst, M M Rosenkilde. Br J Pharmacol 2016
22
Exogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide worsens post prandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
Chee W Chia, Olga D Carlson, Wook Kim, Yu-Kyong Shin, Cornelia P Charles, Hee Seung Kim, Denise L Melvin, Josephine M Egan. Diabetes 2009
Chee W Chia, Olga D Carlson, Wook Kim, Yu-Kyong Shin, Cornelia P Charles, Hee Seung Kim, Denise L Melvin, Josephine M Egan. Diabetes 2009
12
Four weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose improves the insulin response to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes.
P V Højberg, T Vilsbøll, R Rabøl, F K Knop, M Bache, T Krarup, J J Holst, S Madsbad. Diabetologia 2009
P V Højberg, T Vilsbøll, R Rabøl, F K Knop, M Bache, T Krarup, J J Holst, S Madsbad. Diabetologia 2009
12
Vaccination against GIP for the treatment of obesity.
Alma Fulurija, Thomas A Lutz, Katja Sladko, Melania Osto, Peter Y Wielinga, Martin F Bachmann, Philippe Saudan. PLoS One 2008
Alma Fulurija, Thomas A Lutz, Katja Sladko, Melania Osto, Peter Y Wielinga, Martin F Bachmann, Philippe Saudan. PLoS One 2008
16
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin in obesity: increased response to stimulation and defective feedback control of serum levels.
W Creutzfeldt, R Ebert, B Willms, H Frerichs, J C Brown. Diabetologia 1978
W Creutzfeldt, R Ebert, B Willms, H Frerichs, J C Brown. Diabetologia 1978
12
Gut-derived GIP activates central Rap1 to impair neural leptin sensitivity during overnutrition.
Kentaro Kaneko, Yukiko Fu, Hsiao-Yun Lin, Elizabeth L Cordonier, Qianxing Mo, Yong Gao, Ting Yao, Jacqueline Naylor, Victor Howard, Kenji Saito,[...]. J Clin Invest 2019
Kentaro Kaneko, Yukiko Fu, Hsiao-Yun Lin, Elizabeth L Cordonier, Qianxing Mo, Yong Gao, Ting Yao, Jacqueline Naylor, Victor Howard, Kenji Saito,[...]. J Clin Invest 2019
28
Separate and Combined Glucometabolic Effects of Endogenous Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 in Healthy Individuals.
Lærke S Gasbjerg, Mads M Helsted, Bolette Hartmann, Mette H Jensen, Maria B N Gabe, Alexander H Sparre-Ulrich, Simon Veedfald, Signe Stensen, Amalie R Lanng, Natasha C Bergmann,[...]. Diabetes 2019
Lærke S Gasbjerg, Mads M Helsted, Bolette Hartmann, Mette H Jensen, Maria B N Gabe, Alexander H Sparre-Ulrich, Simon Veedfald, Signe Stensen, Amalie R Lanng, Natasha C Bergmann,[...]. Diabetes 2019
17
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor deletion leads to reduced bone strength and quality.
Aleksandra Mieczkowska, Nigel Irwin, Peter R Flatt, Daniel Chappard, Guillaume Mabilleau. Bone 2013
Aleksandra Mieczkowska, Nigel Irwin, Peter R Flatt, Daniel Chappard, Guillaume Mabilleau. Bone 2013
14
Co-cited is the co-citation frequency, indicating how many articles cite the article together with the query article. Similarity is the co-citation as percentage of the times cited of the query article or the article in the search results, whichever is the lowest. These numbers are calculated for the last 100 citations when articles are cited more than 100 times.